Development may refer to:

Land use

Green development, a concept that includes consideration of community-wide or regional environmental implications

Land development, altering the landscape in any number of ways

Mixed-use development, the practice of allowing more than one type of use in a building or set of buildings

Real estate development, a business encompassing activities from renovation to the purchase of raw land

Subdivision (land), or a development, a piece of land divided from a larger portion for sale or further development

Urban planning, or development, integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve communities

Transit-oriented development, a mixed-use residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

Science and technology

Artificial development, an area of computer science and engineering

Development (differential geometry), the process of rolling one surface over another

''Development'' (journal), an academic journal in developmental biology

Development (topology), a countable collection of open coverings

Developmental biology, the study of the process by which organisms grow and develop

Drug development, the entire process of bringing a new drug or device to the market

Embryogenesis, or development, the process by which the embryo is formed

Energy development, the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources

Human development (biology), the process of growing to maturity

*Prenatal development, the process in which a human embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy

*Child development, the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence

*Youth development, the process through which adolescents acquire the cognitive, social, and emotional skills and abilities required to navigate life

Neural development, the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system

Photographic development, the chemical means by which photographic film and paper to produce a negative or positive image

Research and development, work aiming to increase knowledge

Software development, the development of a software product

Tooth development or odontogenesis

Web development, work involved in developing a web site

Social science

Development studies, social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries

Development geography, geography with reference to the standard of living and quality of life of human inhabitants

Developmental psychology, the scientific study of systematic psychological, emotional, and perception changes over life spans

Community development, the practices and academic disciplines to improve various aspects of local communities

Sociocultural evolution, how cultures and societies have changed over time

Economic development, the economic aspect of social change

Human development (humanity), an international and economic development paradigm

Human development theory, a theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics

Rural development, actions and initiatives taken to improve the standard of living in non-Urban neighborhoods, countryside, and remote villages

Social development, processes of change in societies

Sustainable development, a pattern of resources use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment

International and regional

Regional development, the provision of aid and other assistance to regions which are less economically developed

*Multilateral development bank

*European Development Fund, an instrument for European Community aid

*Development aid, the provision of assistance to developing countries

Economic development, the sustained, concerted effort of policymakers and community to promote the standard of living and economic health in a specific area

Human Development Index, used to rank countries by level of "human development"

International development, the development of greater quality of life for humans

Business and professional

Business development, a process of growing a business

Career development, which as several meanings

Corporate development, a position in a business

Development & Commerce Bank (now called RHB Bank)

Training and development, organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings

Leadership development, activities that enhances the quality of leadership within an individual or organization

New product development, the complete process of bringing a new product to market

Organization development, a conceptual, organization-wide effort to increase an organization's effectiveness and viability

Personal development or self-help

Professional development, skills and knowledge attained for both personal development and career advancement

Music

''Development'' (album), a 2002 nu-metal album by musical group Nonpoint

Musical development, a compositional process

Other

Characterisation including character development

Develop, term used in Chess

Development of doctrine, a term used by John Henry Newman to describe Catholic teachings

Development hell, media industry term for when a project is stuck in development

Development of religion, the various stages in the evolution of any particular religion or religious system

Driver development program is a program used by racing teams to develop younger drivers

Components of the "development" phase in film making

*Film finance

*Film budgeting

*Green-light

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Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Name	Wayne Dyer
Birth date	May 10, 1940
Birth place	Detroit, Michigan USA
Residence	Maui, Hawaii
Occupation	teacher, author
Spouse	Marcelene Dyer}}

Wayne Walter Dyer (born May 10, 1940) is an American self-help advocate, author, and lecturer.

Early life

Dyer was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Melvin Lyle (deceased) and Hazel Irene Dyer and spent much of his adolescence in an orphanage on the east side of Detroit. Dr. Wayne Dyer is a 1958 graduate of Denby High School; he received his D.Ed. degree in counseling from Wayne State University. Dyer was a guidance counselor in Detroit at the high school level and a professor of counselor education at St. John's University in New York. He served in the United States Navy from 1958 to 1962.

Career

He first pursued an academic career, publishing in journals and running a successful private therapy practice, but his lectures at St. John's, which focused on positive thinking and motivational speaking techniques, attracted students beyond those enrolled. A literary agent persuaded Dyer to package his ideas in book form, resulting in ''Your Erroneous Zones''; although initial sales were thin, Dyer quit his teaching job and began a publicity tour of the United States of America, doggedly pursuing bookstore appearances and media interviews ("out of the back of his station wagon", according to Michael Korda, making the best-seller lists "before book publishers even noticed what was happening"), which eventually led to national television talk show appearances including Merv Griffin, The Tonight Show, and Phil Donahue.

Dyer proceeded to build on his success with lecture tours, a series of audiotapes, and regular publication of new books. Dyer's audience was not limited to business as with Dale Carnegie or Stephen Covey, and so his message resonated with many in the New Thought Movement and beyond. He often recounted anecdotes from his family life, and repeatedly used his own life experience as an example. His self-made man success story was a part of his appeal. Dyer told readers to pursue self actualization, calling reliance on the self as a guide to "religious" experience, and suggested that readers emulate Jesus Christ, whom he termed both an example of a self-actualized person, and a "preacher of self-reliance". Dyer criticized societal focus on guilt, which he saw as an unhealthy immobilization in the present due to actions taken in the past. He advocated readers to see how parents, institutions, and even they, themselves, have imposed guilt trips upon themselves.

Although Dyer resisted the spiritual tag, by the 1990s he was altering his message to include more components of spirituality, in ''Real Magic'', and higher consciousness, in ''Your Sacred Self''. Currently, his focus is on interpretations of Tao Te Ching and he has many U.S. speaking engagements.

== P

Religious beliefs

"My belief is that the truth is a truth until you organize it, and then becomes a lie. I don't think that Jesus was teaching Christianity, Jesus was teaching kindness, love, concern, and peace. What I tell people is don't be Christian, be Christ-like. Don't be Buddhist, be Buddha-like."

"Religion is orthodoxy, rules and historical scriptures maintained by people over long periods of time. Generally people are raised to obey the customs and practices of that religion without question. These are customs and expectations from outside the person and do not fit my definition of spiritual."

Controversy

Since 2000, he has appeared many times on PBS during their pledge drives. Some viewers, however, have criticized these appearances, suggesting "that PBS might be seen as lending its prestige to Dyer's spiritual views and aligning itself with his teachings". Other criticisms included skepticism of his status as a "spiritual mentor" and characterizing his teachings as consisting of superficial platitudes. Some viewers also expressed displeasure at the idea that Dyer himself must be profiting financially from this exposure of teachings that they considered to be non-rigorous and lacking practical or intellectual value.

On May 24, 2010, author Stephen Mitchell, husband of bestselling New Age author Byron Katie, sued Dyer for plagiarism, accusing him of taking 200 lines of his interpretation of the Tao Te Ching for Dyer's books ''Living the Wisdom of the Tao'' and ''Change Your Thoughts -- Change Your Life''.

Films

''Ambition to Meaning'' [January 2009], rereleased as ''The Shift'' [April 2009] by Hay House

''Day & Night'' (2010), an animated short film created by Pixar and which was shown along with ''Toy Story 3'' during the movie's opening in the U.S., featured an excerpt from one of Dyer's speeches

See also

List of New Thought writers

New Age

New Thought

Self-help

Spirituality

References

External links

The Official Dr. Wayne Dyer Website

Wayne Dyer On Hayhouse Radio

Wayne Dyer On BookTour.com

;Video link

Wayne Dyer Videos

Category:1940 births Category:Living people Category:American metaphysics writers Category:American motivational writers Category:American motivational speakers Category:American psychologists Category:American self-help writers Category:American spiritual teachers Category:American spiritual writers Category:Writers from Michigan Category:New Thought writers Category:Wayne State University alumni

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Uncle Tom is a derogatory term for a person of a low status group who is overly subservient with authority, or a black person who behaves in a subservient manner to white people.

The term comes from the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''. Critical and popular views of both the character and the novel have shifted over time, leading to a shift in the term's use.

Original characterization and critical evaluations

At the time of the novel's initial publication in 1851 Uncle Tom was a rejection of the existing stereotypes of minstrel shows; Stowe's melodramatic story humanized the suffering of slavery for White audiences by portraying Tom as a Christlike figure who is ultimately martyred, beaten to death by a cruel master because Tom refuses to betray the whereabouts of two women who escape from slavery. Stowe reversed the gender conventions of slave narratives by juxtaposing Uncle Tom's feminine passivity against the brave daring of three African American women who escape from slavery.

The novel was very influential and commercially successful, first published in serial form in 1851-1852 and in book version from 1852 onward. An estimated 500,000 copies of the novel itself had sold in the United States and internationally by 1853, including unauthorized reprints. Senator Charles Sumner credited ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' for the election of Abraham Lincoln and Lincoln himself reportedly quipped that Stowe had triggered the American Civil War. Frederick Douglass praised the novel as "a flash to light a million camp fires in front of the embattled hosts of slavery". Despite Douglass's enthusiasm, an anonymous 1852 reviewer for William Lloyd Garrison's publication ''The Liberator'' suspected a racial double standard in the idealization of Uncle Tom:

:Uncle Tom’s character is sketched with great power and rare religious perception. It triumphantly exemplifies the nature, tendency, and results of CHRISTIAN NON-RESISTANCE. We are curious to know whether Mrs. Stowe is a believer in the duty of non-resistance for the White man, under all possible outrage and peril, as for the Black man… [For whites in parallel circumstances, it is often said] Talk not of overcoming evil with good—it is madness! Talk not of peacefully submitting to chains and stripes—it is base servility! Talk not of servants being obedient to their masters—let the blood of tyrants flow! How is this to be explained or reconciled? Is there one law of submission and non-resistance for the Black man, and another of rebellion and conflict for the white man? When it is the whites who are trodden in the dust, does Christ justify them in taking up arms to vindicate their rights? And when it is the blacks who are thus treated, does Christ require them to be patient, harmless, long-suffering, and forgiving? Are there two Christs?

James Weldon Johnson, a prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance, expresses an ambivalent opinion in his autobiography:

:For my part, I was never an admirer of Uncle Tom, nor of his type of goodness; but I believe that there were lots of old Negroes as foolishly good as he; the proof of which is that they knowingly stayed and worked on the plantations that furnished sinews for the army which was fighting to keep them enslaved.”

In 1949 American writer James Baldwin rejected the emasculation of the title character "robbed of his humanity and divested of his sex" as the price of spiritual salvation for a dark-skinned man in a fiction whose African-American characters, in Baldwin's view, were invariably two dimensional stereotypes. To Baldwin, Stowe was closer to a pamphleteer than a novelist and her artistic vision was fatally marred by polemics and racism that manifested especially in her handling of the title character. Stowe had stated that her sons had wept when she first read them the scene of Uncle Tom's death, but after Baldwin's essay it ceased being respectable to accept the melodrama of the Uncle Tom story. Uncle Tom became what critic Linda Williams describes as "an epithet of servility" and the novel's reputation plummeted until feminist critics led by Jane Tompkins reassessed the tale's female characters. According to Debra J. Rosenthal in an introduction to a collection of critical appraisals for the ''Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin'', overall reactions have been mixed with some critics praising the novel for affirming the humanity of the African American characters and for the risks Stowe assumed in taking a very public stand against slavery before abolitionism had become a socially acceptable cause, and others criticizing the very limited terms upon which those characters' humanity was affirmed and the artistic shortcomings of political melodrama.

Inspiration

A specific impetus for the novel was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which imposed heavy fines upon law enforcement personnel in Northern states if they refused to assist the return of people who escaped from slavery. The new law also stripped African Americans of the right to request a jury trial or to testify on their own behalf, even if they were legally free, whenever a single claimant presented a sworn affidavit of ownership. The same law authorized a $1000 fine and six months imprisonment for anyone who knowingly harbored or assisted a fugitive slave. These terms infuriated Stowe, so the novel was written, read, and debated as a political abolitionist tract.

Stowe drew inspiration for the Uncle Tom character from several sources. The best-known of these was Josiah Henson, whose autobiography was originally published in 1849 and later republished in extensively revised editions after the publication of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''. Henson was enslaved at birth in 1789. He became a Christian at age eighteen and took up preaching. Henson attempted to purchase his freedom for $450, but after selling his personal assets to raise $350 and signing a promissory note for the remainder Henson's owner raised the price to $1000; Henson was unable to prove that the original agreement had been for a lesser amount. Shortly afterward Henson was ordered on a trip south to New Orleans, and when he learned that he was to be sold there he obtained a weapon and contemplated murdering his white companions, but decided against violence because his Christian morals forbade it. A sudden illness in one of his companions forced their return to Kentucky, and shortly afterward Henson escaped north with his family, settling in Canada where he became a civic leader.

Stowe read the first edition of Henson's narrative and later confirmed that she had incorporated elements from it into ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''. Kentucky and New Orleans figure in both Henson's narrative and the novel's settings, and some other story elements are similar.

In the public imagination, however, Henson became synonymous with Uncle Tom. After Stowe's death her son and grandson claimed she and Henson had met before ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' was written, but the chronology does not hold up to scrutiny and she probably drew material only from his published autobiography.

Minstrel stock character

Both the novel and its title character inspired numerous derivative works during the decade after its release, some of which lampooned and distorted the portrayal of the title character with politically loaded overtones. American copyright law before 1856 did not give novel authors any control over derivative stage adaptations, so Stowe neither approved the adaptations nor profited from them. Minstrel show retellings in particular, usually performed by white men in blackface, tended to be derisive and pro-slavery, transforming Uncle Tom from Christian martyr to a fool or an apologist for slavery.

Adapted theatrical performances of the novel remained in continual production in the United States for at least eighty years. These representations had a lasting cultural impact and influenced the pejorative nature of the term ''Uncle Tom'' in later popular use.

Although not all minstrel depictions of Uncle Tom were negative, the dominant version developed into a stock character very different from Stowe's hero. Stowe's Uncle Tom was a muscular and virile man who refused to obey when ordered to beat other slaves; the stock character of minstrel shows became a shuffling asexual individual with a receding hairline and graying hair. To Jo-Ann Morgan, author of ''Uncle Tom's Cabin as Visual Culture'', these shifting representations undermined the subversive layers of Stowe's original characterization by redefining Uncle Tom until he fit within prevailing racist norms. Particularly after the Civil War, as the political thrust of the novel which had arguably helped to precipitate that war became obsolete to actual political discourse, popular depictions of the title character recast him within the apologetics of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. The virile father of the abolitionist serial and first book edition degenerated into a decrepit old man, and with that transformation the character lost the capacity for resistance that had originally given meaning to his choices. Stowe never meant Uncle Tom to be a derided name, but the term as a pejorative has developed based on how later versions of the character, stripped of his strength, were depicted on stage.

Or as Claire Parfait, author of ''The Publishing History of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852-2002'' opines, the many alterations in retellings of the Uncle Tom story demonstrate an impulse to correct the retellers' perceptions of its flaws and "the capacity of the novel to irritate and rankle, even a century and a half after its first publication."

See also

Tom Shows

House Negro

Jump Jim Crow

Acting white

List of ethnic slurs

Uncle Tom syndrome

References

Notes

External links

An article on the Uncle Tom caricature

Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Ethnic and religious slurs Category:American slang Category:Fictional slaves Category:American culture Category:Stereotypes of African Americans Category:Racism Category:African-American culture

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